Moderasi dalam Diskursus Agama

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1oZNrDEpGZ6tHkSvzMI4lmwjCeVVdpF1M

Moderasi dalam Diskursus Agama

Oleh: Rusdin, M. Pd  

Moderasi agama awalnya merupakan pesanan global dilihat dari berbagai pidato pemimpin dunia terutama di timur tengah seperti Arab Saudi yang merupakan pelopor moderasi agama ini. Tak hanya dari timur saja namun Negara barat seperti Amerika Serikat merupakan pendukung utama dari moderasi agama ini terbukti dengan berbagai debat dan kampanye yang kita lihat di televisi baik disiarkan langsung oleh TV maupun dari media social seperti youtube mereka selalu ingin meruntuhkan dan memusnahkan ektimisme atau radikalisme yang merupakan lawan kata dari moderasi agama.  Jadi, apa sebenarnya moderasi agama ini. Jika kita lihat dari KBBI, moderasi agama adalah pengurangan kekerasan atau penghindaran kekerasan. Menurut para ahli moderasi adalah suatu kegiatan peninjauan agar tidak menyimpang dari aturan yang berlaku yang telah ditetapkan.

Pada kehidupan generasi milenial ini pemerintah berusaha untuk memunculkan isu moderasi agama dan harus ada seluruh madrasah dan sekolah di seluruh Indonesia mengingat fakta yang terjadi selama ini banyak terjadi intoleransi bargama baik antar umat beragama maupun intern beragama. Isu ini telah dimunculkan dan dicanankan sejak 3 tahun yang lalu jika dilihat dari berbagai referensi isunya oleh pemerintah terutama Kemtenreian Agama sebagai wadah yang menaungi 6 agama yang ada di Indonesia, namun pada awal tahun 2019 ini Kementerian Agama telah gencar mengadakan sosialisasi baik berupa pidato seperti kunjungan kanwil NTB di MAN Dompu awal tahun 2019 mengatakan bahwa moderasi agama wajib dilaksanakan oleh seluruh madrasah di seluruh NTB selain itu seminar, workshop maupun diskursus lainya seperti yang di Hotel Aman Gati Lakey Beach Dompu pada tanggal 19 Juli 2019 yang banyak mengupas tentang Moderasi Agama yang kaitan dengan toleransi salah satunya yang dibahas dari tiga narasumber yang barasal dari Perguruan Tinggi Agama Islam Indonesia tersebut adalah “Islam Wasatiyyah”. Disamping dengan cara tersebut saat ini pemerintah sudah menyusun kurikulum yang kaitan dengan moderasi agama dan sudah merancang buku yang menjadi panduan bagi tenaga pengajar baik untuk guru maupun untuk dosen. Lantas bagaimana respon masyarakat terhadap moderasi agama ini? Jawabannya tergantung dari pemerintah sebagai tools of society yang memiliki power. Jika moderasi ini dirancang dengan cermat sesuai dengan kebutuhan perkembangan zaman dan tidak keluar dari jalur agama maka program ini akan dengan cepat diterima oleh masyarakat Indonesia, toh juga masyarakat Indonesia pada dasarnya merupakan masyarakat yang memiliki toleransi tinggi jika dibanding dengan Negara-negara lain di dunia ini dan bahkan menjadi leadershipnya. Namun jika moderasi agama ini dikaitkan dengan Islam Nusantara maka sulit diterima oleh sebagaian besar masyarakat Islam Indonesia karena dilihat dari berbagai sumber bahwa penolakkan secara masif dari masyarakat Islam terhadap rancangan Islam Nusantra yang telah dicanangkan oleh pemerintah dari tahun-tahun kemarin maka akan menemui jalan buntu dan bahkan akan gagal atau bahkan akan menyuburkan kaum ekstrimis.

Dari segi fitrah dan naluri dasar manusia seperti pada agama kita Islam mengenal bahwa sifat dasar manusia bertikai atau bentrok bukanlah sifat dasar atau fitrahnya, namun potensi negatif muncul dari pengaruh luar seperti kedangkalan ilmu terhadap kepemahaman hidup bersama dan yang tak kalah penting yaitu pengaruh bisikan syaitan yang selalu mempengaruhi manusia dalam hal-hal negatif. Di lihat dari sudut pandang science atau kelilmuan maka manusia memiliki kelemahan yang banyak dan variatif tergantung seberapa banyak keilmuan yang ia dapatkan baik secara ilmiah berupa penelitian maupun secara empiris. Ketika kita kaji secara science kita tidak bisa menafikan bahwa kebenaran tidak saja kita dapatkan dari satu sumber namun harus berbagai sumber, seperti contoh apakah membangun masjid wajib atau tidak yang kita sepakati bentuknya harus memiliki empat sudut dan atapnya harus memiliki kubah seperti yang kita tau saat ini atau dalam konsep terbit dan terbenamnya matahari yang kita ketahui selama ini bahwa matahari terbit dari timur dan terbenam dari barat, konsep ini jika kita kaitkan dengan science salah, kenapa karena soal terbit dan terbenamnya matahari hanyalah sebuah conventional (kesepakatan) padahal matahari tidak pernah terbit dan terbenam. Dalam hal kebenaran dari sudut pandang science tersebut diatas menurut islam akal pikiran harus disinari oleh Al-Quran dan hadit barulah kebenaran bisa dimunculkan. Wallahu a’lam.

MAN 1 DOMPU

http://www.stkip-al-amin-dompu.ac.id/ojs/index.php/nuansa/article/view/8/8

RUSDIN MAN DOMPU

http://www.stkip-al-amin-dompu.ac.id/ojs/index.php/nuansa/article/view/5/5

MAN DOMPU RUSDIN

https://jiip.stkipyapisdompu.ac.id/index.php/JIIP/article/view/34/24

Cultural Adjustment

Adjustment Process in a New Culture

From Beyond Language

By Deena R. Levine and Mara B. Adelman

  A. Introduction

The process of living in a culture different from our own can be an exciting and stimulating experience. It is also a tremendous challenge as we realize that our “normal” way of perceiving and behaving may not be appropriate in the new cultural setting. Each of us has been conditioned by our family, friends, and educational and religious institutions our culture to act, interpret, think, perceive, and feel in certain ways. These are based on certain core values of our culture, such as “be an individual,” “might is right,” or “time is money.” These values change from culture to culture and, therefore, the behaviors leading to success or happiness in that culture change also. Understanding those values, then, is a key to understanding the culture.

Based on these values we each create our own personal interpretation of our experiences, which is reinforced and shared by our friends and cultural institutions. This value orientation and way of behaving is rarely challenged, since it is accepted by our peers and helps us feel secure in our environment. It is only when we encounter someone different from us and choose to spend extended time with that person or in a different culture that our “normal” responses and the values that support them are called into question. This is especially true when our basic needs for friendship, respect, etc. can no longer be satisfied by our usual ways of behaving. What has been easy for us to do in our own culture is suddenly difficult and ineffective, or insulting, to those in the foreign culture. We become frustrated and irritated as we find our previously accepted ways to be in conflict with the lifestyle of those around us. We may feel anxious about the sudden loss or change in our familiar surroundings. There are no longer the thousands of non‐verbal cues we unconsciously rely on to tell us how to act and react. We realize that it is necessary to change, to adjust to the foreign culture, but how do we begin? We begin by relaxing and realizing that this experience of frustration is part of a normal reaction to the challenge of the cross‐cultural experience that is referred to as “culture shock.” It is a positive sign that you have, in fact, realized that you are living in a foreign culture and are no longer willing to be just a tourist. You want to be a participant in the life of the culture.

  B. Discussion

Understanding the cultural adjustment process can help you in coping with the often-intense feelings that you may experience as you begin your life in the US.  Each stage in the process is characterized by “symptoms” or outward signs typifying certain kinds of behaviour.

• “Honeymoon” period: Initially, many people are fascinated and excited by everything new.  The visitor is elated to be in a new culture.
• “Culture shock”: The individual is immersed in new problems: housing, transportation, shopping, and language.  Mental fatigue results from continuous straining to comprehend the new language.
• Initial Adjustment: Everyday activities such as housing and shopping are no longer major problems.  Although the visitor may not yet be fluent in the language spoken, basic ideas and feelings in the second language can be expressed.
• Mental Isolation: Individuals have been away from their family and good friends for a long period of time and may feel lonely.  Many still feel they cannot express themselves as well as they can in their native language.  Frustration and sometimes a loss of self-confidence result.  Some individuals remain at this stage.
• Acceptance and Integration: A routine (e.g., work, business or school) has been established.  The visitor has accepted the habits, customs, foods, and characteristics of the people in the new culture.  The visitor feels comfortable with friends, associates and the language of the country.

This cycle may repeat itself throughout we stay in a new culture.  And, these feelings are normal.  Note also that upon returning home, we may experience some of the same feelings as we did when we first arrived in the new culture.  This is called “reverse culture shock.”

Ways to Minimize the Impact of Culture Shock:

1.     Look for logical reasons for things in the host culture that seem different.  Relax your grip on your own culture.

2.     Resist “looking down on” or making jokes and comments about the host culture.  Avoid others who take part in such derogatory remarks.

3.     Talk about your feelings with a sympathetic and understanding friend or see a Foreign Student Advisor in the Office of International Services to talk about your feelings.

4.     When you hear yourself making negative judgments or generalizations, stop and try to view the situation objectively - without value judgments.

5.     Take care of your physical health.  Eat nutritious foods, get enough sleep, and, most importantly, get some exercise every day (take a regular walk if nothing else)

The Re-entry Process

A similar process occurs when visitors return to their native countries, although the stages are usually shorter and less intense. The following "W" shaped diagram illustrates reactions and emotions experienced when a person leaves a foreign country and returns to his or her own country.

The "Re-entry" Adjustment Process

In the first diagram, each stage in the "re-entry" process is characterized by symptoms and feelings.

1.     Acceptance and integration. See description given for the pre ceding diagram.

2.     Return anxiety. There may be confusion and emotional pain about leaving because friendships will have to be disrupted. Many people realize how much they have changed because of their experiences and may be nervous about going home.

3.     Return honeymoon. Immediately upon arrival in one's own country, there is generally a great deal of excitement. There are parties to welcome back the visitor and renewed friendships to look forward to.

4.     Re-entry shock. Family and friends may not understand or appreciate what the traveller has experienced. The native country or city may have changed in the eyes of the former traveller.

5.     Re-integration. The former traveller becomes fully involved with friends, family, and activities and feels once again integrated in the society. Many people at this stage realize the positive and negative aspects of both countries and have a more balanced perspective about their experiences. 

Individual Reactions

Individuals experience the stages of adjustment and re-entry in different ways. When visitors have close relatives in the new culture or speak the foreign language fluently, they may not experience all the effects of culture shock or mental isolation. An exile or refugee would adjust differently from someone who voluntary travelled to a new country. Certain individuals have difficulties adapting to a new environment and perhaps never do; others seem to adjust well from the very beginning of their stay.

Day-to-day living in another culture is undoubtedly an educational experience. While travelling, and living abroad people learn second languages, observe different customs, and encounter new values. Many people who have lived in other countries feel that exposure to foreign cultures enable them to gain insight into their own society. When facing different values, beliefs, and behaviour, they develop a deeper understanding of themselves and of the society that helped to shape their characters. The striking contrasts of a second culture provide a mirror in which one's own culture is reflected. 

    C. Conclusion

The experience of cultural adjustment, or culture shock, takes place in stages that can be shortened depending upon your preparation, your understanding of the process, your willingness to take risks, and your acceptance of the necessity to modify your behaviour. The first stage is that of the “tourist” whose involvement in local traditions is minimal, whose knowledge of the culture is superficial, and who perceptually screens the surroundings and remains wrapped in the secure comfort of his or her own culture. After a month or two, the personal, social, and cultural differences intrude more and more into your life and you become frustrated with how difficult your life has become. You may try to avoid contact with the locals, complain a lot about the “stupid way they do things” there, hang out with others from your own country, and sleep a lot to cope with the assault on your personal comfort zone. You might even feel angry with the locals and become hostile toward them.

By contrast, you might just abandon your own cultural ways and “go native,” becoming more “local” than the locals. These ways of “coping” are, of course, maladjusted ways of responding to the new cultural environment, and result in making you inhibited from functioning with full effectiveness and from taking full advantage of the exciting opportunities available in the cross‐cultural experience. The alternative to these responses is to neither reject your own culture nor the ways of the new culture, but rather to adapt to the new situation by remaining open to learning and behavioural growth. It requires you to pay attention to those around you, refining and expanding your skills in interpersonal intercultural communication through being creatively flexible in your responses to the new situation. You must be willing to take risks and make mistakes as you ask questions and modify your behaviour and interpretations to coincide with those of the locals. In this way, your “personal reality” is altered by the culture in which you now live and you are ready to enjoy the rest of your experience: the third and fourth stages.

“The world is a book, of which those who stay in one place read only one page”

St. Augustine

References:  

Deena R. Levine Mara B. Adelman. (1982) Beyond Language; Intercultural Communication for English as a Second Language. American Language Institute San Diego State University.

LeVine, R. (1984) Properties of culture: An ethnographic view. In Schweder, R. and LeVine, R., Eds. Culture Theory: Essays on Mind, Self, and Emotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1984), 67.

How to Prepare: Cultural Adjustment.” Center for International Education, University of California, Irvine. www.cie.uci.edu. Accessed on 25 October 2015.

Kebiasaan orang Jepang dan Indonesia

Cultural differentiate

Watak Orang Indonesia dan Jepang

►  Ketika di kendaraan umum:

Jepang: Orang-orang pada baca buku atau tidur.

Indonesia: Orang-orang pada ngobrol, ngegosip, ketawa-ketiwi cekikikan, ngelamun, dan tidur.

►  Ketika makan dikendaraan atau ruangan umum:

Jepang: Sampah sisa makanan disimpan ke dalam saku celana atau dimasukkan ke dalam tas, kemudian baru dibuang setelah nemu tong sampah.

Indonesia: Dengan wajah tanpa dosa, sampah sisa makanan dibuang gitu aja di kolong bangku/dilempar ke luar jendela.

►  Ketika dikelas:

Jepang: Yang kosong adalah bangku kuliah paling belakang.

Indonesia: Yang kosong adalah bangku kuliah paling depan.

►  Ketika dosen memberikan kuliah:

Jepang: Semua mahasiswa sunyi senyap mendengarkan dengan serius.

Indonesia: Tengok ke kiri, ada yang ngobrol. Tengok ke kanan, ada yang sibuk dengan Hp. Tengok ke belakang, pada tidur. Cuman barisan depan aja yang serius dengerin, itu pun karena duduk pas di depan hidung dosen!

►  Ketika diberi tugas oleh dosen:

Jepang: Hari itu juga, siang/malamnya langsung nyerbu perpustakaan atau browsing internet buat cari data.

Indonesia: Kalau masih ada hari esok, ngapain dikerjakan hari ini!

►  Ketika terlambat masuk kelas:

Jepang: Memohon maaf sambil membungkukkan badan 90 derajat, dan menunjukkan ekspresi malu + menyesal tidak akan mengulangi lagi.

Indonesia: Slonong boy & slonong girl masuk gitu saja tanpa bilang permisi ke dosen sama sekali.

►  Ketika dijalan raya:

Jepang: Sangat mematuhi lalu lintas ketika lampu merah mereka wajib berhenti menunggu sampai lampu hijau nyala dan mobil sangat jarang (kecuali di kota besar). Padahal jepang kan negara produsen mobil terbesar di dunia.

Indonesia: lampu merah hanya sebagai latihan saja, boong-boongan dan mau peduli lampu merah ke ijo ke kuning ke yang penting jooos dan jalanan macet, sampai-sampai  susah menyeberang & sering keserempet motor yang jalannya ugal-ugalan.

►  Ketika jam kantor:

Jepang: Jalanan sepiiiii banget, kayak kota mati.

Indonesia: Ada Oknum pake seragam coklat-coklat gitu pada keluyuran di tempat belanja dan toko makanan.

►  Ketika buang sampah:

Jepang: Sampah dibuang sesuai jenisnya. Sampah organik dibuang di tempat sampah khusus organik, sampah anorganik dibuang di tempat sampah anorganik.

Indonesia: Mau organik, unorganik, bangke binatang, semuanya tumplek jadi 1 dalam kantong kresek. Dan tanpa malu buang sampah sebarangan di jalan raya ke di tempat umum ke di di atas bus umum dimana mana.

►  Ketika berangkat kantor:

Jepang: Berangkat naik kereta/bus kota. Mobil cuma dipake saat acara keluarga atau yg bersifat mendesak aja.

Indonesia: Gengsi dooonk… Masa’ naik angkot or motor?!

►  Ketika janjian ketemu:

Jepang: Ting…tong…semuanya datang tepat pada jam yg disepakati dan harus disepakati duluan tanpa itu tidak bisa ketemu.

Indonesia: Salah 1 pihak pasti ada dibiarkan sampai berjamur & berkerak gara-gara kelamaan nunggu! insaAllahnya orang Indonesia 90% tidak jadi karena manusia pelupa.

►  Ketika berjalan dipagi hari menuju tempat kerja:

Jepang: Orang-orang pada jalan super cepat kayak dikejar anjing, karena khawatir telat ke kantor/sekolah.

Indonesia: santai aja, paling si bos/kepala datangnya juga telat, jam bell juga bisa di ubah kok putar terlambat ajahhh!